Middle East

Cairo Conference

The Cairo conference was held on November–December 1943.

There were two meetings that the allied leaders held in Cairo, durring WW2.

The first conference that was on November 22 through the 26th, the  British Prime Minister, Churchill, and U.S. President Rosevelt talked about their plans for the prosecution of the Normandy Invasion.

The Chinese leader Chaing Kai-Shek issued a declaration of the goal of stripping the Japanese of all the territories it had seized since 1914 & restoring  Korea to their independence.

 Upon conclusion of the first Cairo Conference, Churchill & Roosevelt flew to Iran for the Teheren set of conferences, with the Soviet leader Stalin.

Pan-Arabism/ Nasser:

Pan Arabism is a secular Arab nationalist ideology

 It was founded by Michel Aflag.

It championed most successfully by former Egyptian president,Gamal Abdul Nasser. 

Frustrated Arab nationalist ambitions and socialist and fascist ideologies gave a rise to several movements and political parties. The Baath party was founded in Syria in 1928 by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din Bitar with a pan-Arab nationalist program and elements of both Marxism and fascism. 

6 Day War

• The Arab nations attacked the isaraelis on June 5, 1967. 
• Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordan were the major contributers to the Six-Day War. In addition to these, other Arab countries played smaller roles in the conflict.
• The Six-Day War involved three battlefronts.
  They were tied together by a shared desire on the part of the surrounding Arab states to eliminate Israel and erase the shame of their defeat 19 years earlier when they failed to destroy the state of Jewish.
• Egypt, the largest Arab state with a population of 31 million, massed troops on its border.
• They did this with Israel and imposed a naval blockade of Israel’s southern port, an act of war. Confronted with these aggressive moves, and the Arab leaders' promises to destroy the Jewish state, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against the Egyptian army and airforce. Egypt’s air force was quickly crippled, and a well-executed Israeli ground offensive routed the Egyptian forces in Gaza and the Sinai peninsula in four days.
• After the Six-Day War ended, diplomacy was the order of the day.
• The war did little to bring the sides closer together, and at a summit in Khartoum, Sudan, Arab countries repudiated peace and reaffirmed their rejection of Israel.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hIll-q8hUc. This video talks about what the outcomes of this 6 day war was- them loosing, people dying and many, many arguments sprung out.

1948 War: 

• This war was fought between Isreal & the military of Arab states & Palestine-Arab forces. 
• It was the first in a series of wars in the continuing the Arab-Israeli conflict.
• This war was preceded by a period of civil war.
• This territory of British mandate between Jewish military forces and Palestinian Arab forces was in response to the UN Partition.
• Upon the termination of the Mandate at midnight on May 14th, 1948, the Yishuv is the one who called for the formation of the State of Israel on the basis of the plan and an alliance of Arab States intervened on the Palestinian side, turning the civil war into a war between sovereign states. 
• The fighting took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate & for a short time also in the Sinai region & the region of southern Lebanon.
• The war was finally ended with the Agreements of 1949.
• These established Armistice Demarcation Lines between Israeli and Arab military forces. 
• This is AKA The Green Line.

Occupied Territories:

• The territories that are under military occupation. 
• The Palestinian territories were the west bak & gaza strip. 
• They were politically under the jurisdiction of the palestine national authority & hamas government in Gaza.
• After palestine declared their own independence in 1988, their region is nowadays recognized by 3-quarters of the world's countries to be part of Palestine.
• Even though this status isn't recognized by the UN, Israel & major other western nations, including the USA. 

Camp David Accords:

• Occurred on September 17th, 1978.
• 5 years after the war, Menachem (israeli prime minister) begin & Egypt's president Muhammad met at the US president retreat at Camp David in 1978.
• Since the 1967 6-day war, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip & Sinai Peninsula.
• These are both former Egyptian territories.
• Both sides were eventually hurt in the war.

Islamic Brotherhood:

The Muslim brotherhood dislikes material trends and western influences of the Islamic nation and wants to go back to the original principle of the Qur’an.

Motto:  “Allah is our objective. The Prophet is our leader. Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope.”

A vital part of the brotherhood is the idea of the “Jihad.” They believe it is a religious obligation to kill people in the name of Allah 

Mujahidin

One (Muslim) who engages in "Jihad" is considered a part of the Mujahidin.  The term is used to decribe muslims who defended their land in a war against the soviets in 1979.

9-11 Attacks

• These were a series of 4 suicide attacks by the terrorists from an Islamic group Al-Qaeda. They made a total of four attacks on the USA in the NYC & Washington D.C areas on 9/11/2011. 
• On the morning of September 11^th, the terrorists (a total of 19) hijacked four jet plains. They crashed two of these planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in NYC & both towers completely collapsed into pieces within a few hours.
• As for the two other jets, one being the American Airlines flight 77- was crashed into the Pentagon building in Virginia. And the fourth jet of United Airlines was crashed into a plane field in Pennsylvania, this happened after the passengers tried to take control of the direction of the plane to the ideal target in D.C.
• Approximately 3,000 civilians died on this day. All of the people that witnessed these attacks, that were near the building had to run for their lives. About 200 of this 3,000 people dead, were the policemen & fire fighters trying to stop this.

Osama Bin Laden:

• A terrorist from Saudi Arabia
• Comes from an extremely wealthy family.
• Part of a Terrorist group called Al Qaeda. This Jihadest group was responsible for the attacks of 9/11 on the USA. They conducted many, of the random mass-casuallty attacks on Countries.
• After being on FBI's most wanted list, Bin Laden was shot dead on May 2nd, 2011 at the age of 52.

Taliban

• The Taliban came to Afghanistan in 1994
• After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, the taliban has collapsed
• The leader of the Taliban is Mullah Omar
 

World Trade Center

The first terrorist attack on the world trade center was in 1993, the attack was successful in killing americans but not as many as the terrorist were hoping for. On September 11, 2001 terrorists hijacked four planes and attempted to fly them into several U.S. targets. Two of the planes were meant to crash into targets in the world trade center, such as Tower 1 and Tower 2. The world trade center attacks have been one of the most devastating tragedies in American History. Osama Bin Laden and the Al Qaeda organization planned the attacks and carried them out killing thousands of American citizens.

• Ramzi Yousef was born in Kuwait in 1968. Yousef is the mastermind behind the 1993 bombing of the twin tower in new york city on Feburary 26. The plot to kill thousands of americans in the twin towers wasn't successful, however 6 people died. Ramzi yousef and truck driver abdul yasin, parked a yellow ryder truck in the lower section of the twin towers. The truck contained a bomb that was suppose to topple the twin tower into the other, knocking both towers down, killing thousands of working americans. After the attack, yousef fled the country and returned to pakistan. Also, yousef went to the philippines and began creating a bomb in an apartment kitchen, but when the bomb accedentily set fire yousef was forced to flee the premisces and leave behind his laptop with all his terrorist ideas and vital information.

Mogadishu

The largest city in  and the nation'sCapital. U.S. and U.N. troops attacked targets in Mogadishu, the situation began in 1992 during the Bush Administration. Violence in Somalia carried on through the 1980s and 90's. As tension continued, attempts at capturing Aidid didnt succeed. Pakistani troops fired into a crowd of civilians, killing 20 people.

USS Cole

On october 12, 2000 terrorist attacked a navy ship in Aden, Yemen. 17 Americans lost their lifes for their heroic actions to fight for their country. The attack was from terrorist who were on a small boat with expolosives on it, the tragic event caused people to lose their lives and a atleast a 40 ft hole in the ship.